定义
主语和谓语之间的关系
| 主动语态(active voice) | 主语为动作的执行者，就是施动者 | Jason painted the picture. |
| 被动语态(passive voice) | 主语是动作的承受者，就是受动者 | The picture was painted by Jason. |
一般时态的被动语态
| 一般现在时 | am, is, are |
They clean the office every day. The office is cleaned by them every day. They give me a lot of work to do. I am given a lot of work to do (by them). They invite you to attend the annual meeting. You are invited (by them) to attend the annual meeting. |
| 一般过去时 | was, were done. |
They cleaned the office yesterday. The office was cleaned by them yesterday. People planted many trees on that hill last year. Many trees were planted (by people) on that hill last year. |
| 一般将来时 | will(shall) be done |
The office will be cleaned soon. When will the classroom be cleaned? When shall we be given English class this week? |
| 一般过去将来时 | would be done |
I told him that the office would be cleaned soon. I didn’t expect that we would be invited to the annual meeting. |
进行时态的被动
| 现在进行时 | am, is, are being done |
I am being treated with the utmost hospitality. The office is being cleaned now. The kids are been taken care of by Ms. Scavo. Are you being troubled by his deeds? |
| 过去进行时 | was, were being done |
The office was being cleaned this time yesterday. Proposals from different departments were being discussed at that time. Was the wall being painted when you got home this time yesterday? |
完成时态的被动
| 现在完成时 | has, have been done |
The office looks tidy, It has been cleaned. Many new foreign books have been published since last month. Have they been informed of it? |
| 过去完成时 | had been done |
The office looked tidy. It had been cleaned. He told me that the supermarket had been shut down. His report had been approved by the board by the end of last week. |
| 将来完成时 | will have been done |
The office will have been cleaned by 6 o’clock. I think all of the work will have been finished before he arrives. How many projects will have been completed by the end of this year? |
| 过去将来完成时 | would have been done |
He told me that the office would have been cleaned by 6 o’clock that day. I was told that all the projects would have been completed by the end of that year. |
不同结构的被动
1. 情态动词结构
– 情态动词 + be done.
– 疑问和否定需要借助情态动词来完成
This can’t be finished in a short time.
Where can the books be found?
Should he be told about his health condition?
All the cups must be returned to their proper place.
2. 双宾语动词
直接宾语（物），间接宾语（人）
多数情况下把间接宾语（人）变为主语，而保留直接宾语。如果把直接宾语（物）做主语，需要在间接宾语前加上介词to.
She often tells us interesting stories. (直接宾语： interesting stories, 间接宾语：us)
间接宾语做主语：
We are often told interesting stories by her.
直接宾语做主语：
Interesting stories are often told by her to us.
Example:
Our teacher assigned us a lot of homework.
We were assigned a lot of homework by our teacher.
A lot of homework was assigned by our teacher to us.
3. 复合宾语动词（宾语补足语）
They request me to be present at the conference.
I am requested to be present at the conference.
He has painted this chair yellow.
This chair has been painted yellow.
We elected Jason monitor of the class.
Jason was elected monitor of the class.
4. 不带to的不定式做宾补时，变为被动要加上to
I saw him play basketball on the playground.
He was seen to play basketball on the playground.
这一类动词通次为感官动词或使役动词
see, observe, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel（感官动词）
make, have, let(使役动词）
一感，二听，三使，五看
5. 含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动，常用it + be + done + 从句
People believe that he has some magic powers.
It is believed that he has some magic powers.
We have decided that the proposal should be carried out immediately.
It has been decided that the proposal should be carried out immediately.
It is said/ reported/ hoped/ well known/ thought/ suggested that…
6. 不及物动词（vi.) + 介词/ 副词被视为及物动词词组
They will look into the case
The case will be looked into.
The thief broke into his house.
His house was broken into by the thief.
We are to put off the meeting till Friday.
The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
7. 非谓语动词的被动形式
| 不定式 | to be done |
He needs to be looked after. It is better to be prepared than unprepared. |
| 动名词 | being done |
He hated being treated like a child. Being offered such a job was sheer good luck. |
| 现在分词 | being done |
The question being discussed is the key point. I saw him being taken away by the police. Being protected by a solid house, he felt safe. |
| 过去分词 | 本身表示被动，没有相应的被动形式 |
Frustrated, he returned to his house. The door remained locked. |
8. 其他
– get/ seem/ appear done 结构也可以表被动含义
He nearly got hit by a car yesterday.
I was so shocked that my words seemed stuck in my throat.
That house appears deserted.
– 用主动表达被动含义
主语常为物，通次具有某种内在的特征/属性, 从而是的后面的动作（动词）难以实现
The seat belt won’t buckle.
It eats well.
The door won’t lock.
The new novel sells well.
ope, close, start, end, shut move. 等词都有类似的主动表被动。
fell, smell, sound, look, taste, prove(连系动词）
The flower smells good.
It sounds great.
The dog looks dangerous.
– 被动语态中常用的介词
— By 表示执行者，最常见
— with 表示某种工具
The wolf was killed with a gun.
— of 表示材料（看的出来）(技巧： of 只有两个字母，很容易看的出来， from 有四个字母，长一些，看不出来，哈哈哈)
The chair is made of green wood.
— from 表示材料（看不出来)
This drink is made from boiled water and local cane sugar.
– 不用被动语态的场合
— 不及物动词不用被动语态
The sun is rising.
What did that happen?
— 宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语时不变被动
He hurt himself when he fell from the tree.
We should help each other.
They live happy life.
使用被动语态的场合
1. 当不知道或不必提出动作执行者时
Five people were injured in this accident.
These books are written for children.
All of the machine components are made in China.
The question is to be discussed in the next unit.
The American general election will be held in 2016.
2. 当动作的承受者是话题的中心
Many creeks in this region are polluted.
The poem was written by a student.
The house next door has been sold.
Those suggestions can be discussed this afternoon.
3. 当不希望说出动作执行者时（出于礼貌，措辞等原因）
You are warmly invited to a wine tasting to be held at the M club.
It is generally considered rude to stare at people.
It is hoped that such things would not happen again.
You are requested to submit a progress report before this Friday.
4. 在公告、通知，欣慰报道，科技文章等场合中
No liquid items are allowed on the plane.
Thousands of Clinton emails were released.
The mixture is put in a vacuum container and kept for 30 days.
Test:
It’s really weird. The window won’t shut.
In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the ‘r’ sounds at the end of the words are dropped.
A lecture on American culture will be given in this room next Monday.
To make our community more green, rubbish mustn’t be thrown into the river.
Experiments of this kind had been conducted in both the U.S and Europe well before the Second World War.
— It’s time to go to bed, Jason
— Yes, Mum. I’ll turn off the TV as soon as the program ends.
He was given some pieces of advice, but he didn’t listen to them.
The old men and the children must be taken good care of in our country.
Jason was heard to sing many songs at the party.
原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/hongten/p/16884830.html
