从句 Clause

兔子吃了根胡萝卜
The rabbit ate a carrot  (上帝视角)
        宾语
我看见[兔子吃了根胡萝卜]
I saw [that the rabbit ate a carrot]

英语的三种句子
简单句 Simple Sentences 不能再拆
复合句 Compound Sentences 简单句和简单句用连词合在一起，不分主次
复杂句 Complex Sentences 分主次 一个主句一个从句

从句的分类
1.句子成分分类

2.句子词类分类

从句分三大类 名词 形容词 副词从句

形容词从句(定语从句)

1.形容词从句的思维方式
2.形容词从句的构成
3.形容词从句的限定性和非限定性
The rabbit is eating a carrot
兔子在吃一根胡萝卜

中英思维方式不同

兔子在吃一根(我买来的)胡萝卜
            定语

兔子在吃一根我(买来的胡萝卜)

中英思维方式不同
好吃的  我买来的 放在被修饰的名词和代词之前
如胡萝卜
好吃的胡萝卜
我买来的胡萝卜，这个定语甚至会很长
形容词/句子  +  的

虽然单个形容词(或多个形容词，或副词加形容词)作定语也是放在被修饰词之前，如
a tasty carrot
一根好吃的胡萝卜

a [carrot] [[that] I bought]
carrot 先行词  that 关系词
that I bought  定语/形容词从句
这样的包含关系词的从句，也称为关系从句
一根我买来的胡萝卜

被修饰的词之后添加一个和它有关系的词(that)
然后再把这个新词放到另一个句子中
进行补充说明/逻辑阐述

定语=形容词=关系从句

中文:这兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜

英文:这兔子在吃一根胡萝卜([胡萝卜的关系词]我买)
The rabbit is eating a carrot [that I bought] 定语

英语里没有
The rabbit is eating a (I bought的) carrot
中文也没有
兔子在吃一根胡萝卜that我买来

中文:
形式同一定语可能太长
一只[几个月前开始在B站上传视频专门教英语的讨人喜爱的]兔子

英语:
+ 关系词
This is a rabbit [who started uploading videos since a few months ago to focus on English teaching and is liked by many students [who will definitely give this video a thumbs-up]]
甚至可以套娃
西方人的思维偏好
这样的句子太长了，不可取，还是得拆句

关系词 关系代词 关系副词

The rabbit is eating carrot that i brought
兔子正在吃我买的胡萝卜
The teach who ate a carrot is a rabbit
吃胡萝卜的老师是兔子
The teacher whom I saw yesterday is rabbit
我昨天见到的那个老师是一只兔子
The teacher whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit
最喜欢胡萝卜的老师是一只兔子
The food which teacher likes is a carrot
老师最喜欢的食物是胡萝卜

被描述的事物叫先行词
被提前的是关系代词[that who whom whose which why where when at which for which on which]，然后后面就是描述先行词的
只要是后面描述先行词的都是定语从句
列如
1、这个话题是我感到厌倦的.
This is the topic/theme that I’m tired of.
2、他是那个帮助了我的老师.
He is the teacher who helped me.
3、我们很喜欢那个很幽默的演讲者.
We all like that speaker who is very humourous.
4、你昨天错过的会议非常重要.
The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important.
5、我昨天打坏的花瓶是很昂贵的.
The vase that I broke yesterday was very expensive.
6、这正是我所感兴趣的话题.
That’s just the topic that I’m very interested in.

The food that the teacher likes is carrot
which与that可以互换

需要替代的词变为关系代词

在把关系代词提前

that vs which
先行词是唯一的: that
先行词多选一: which

关系副词

限定性和非限定性
The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table
限定carrot的范围/性质

非限定性
The rabbit ate the carrot, which was on the table.
The rabbit ate the carrot,the carrot was on the table
the carrot两次太啰嗦，接着说

I have a head which is round.
我有好多个头，且其中一个是圆的(还有其他是方的扁的)

I have a head, which is round
我有一个头，这个头是圆的

非限定性有接着补充的特性
My head,which is big,is useful when it rains.
我有大头，下雨不愁

The biggest carrot,which the rabbit ate, was on the table
最大的那根胡萝卜曾在桌上，兔子吃了它
直接去掉which也不影响句意 (which只是补充信息)

The biggest carrot which the rabbit ate was on the table.
最大的那根胡萝卜曾在桌上，兔子吃了它
biggest 已经是唯一最大一个，和which冲突

名词从句

主语从句

[The fact] is obvious
这事实是明显的

[That the rabbit ate a carrot] is obvious
兔子吃了胡萝卜这件事是明显的
that引导这件事(兔子吃了胡萝卜)

主语从句得有引导词开头
如果这些whether where when how who what 如果出现在问句中就是疑问代词/疑问副词
引导从句，属于连接代词/连接副词

形式主语

It is obvious that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening
It指代后面的从句 (真正的主语)

It is a secret that the rabbit ate a carrot
It was discussed that the rabbit ate a carrot

虚拟语气

宾语从句

从句在整个复杂句做宾语
1.确定信息&不确定信息

确定信息作宾语从句
I saw [that the rabbit ate a carrot]
我看见这兔子吃了根胡萝卜

省略引导词that
I know (that) the rabbit ate a carrot
如果没认出来宾语从句则会疑惑为什么有两个谓语动词

有些情况that不可以省略

插入句会让以为有语病，并列句两句话会有错误断句

主从时态一致

争议

表语从句

主语从句转换为表语从句
有细微区别，侧重点不一样

同位语从句

同位语，用不同的方式把一个概念再说一遍，用逗号隔开

I have no idea who ate the carrot
我不知道谁吃了那胡萝卜

I am sure that there’s a carrot no the table.
我确定桌上有跟胡萝卜.
有争议的同位语

I am sure of the fact that there’s a carrot on the table
我确定桌上有跟胡萝卜这件事儿.

宾语补语从句

副词从句

副词从句起副词的作用
一般补充说明，动词，形容词，副词等
从句子成分上说，它充当了句子的状语，也叫状语从句

时间副词从句

在某一时间点之前

引导词before

可以转换

在某一时间点之中(当时)

引导词 when while as

when 强调突然

while 强调这个时间段内

As 同时进行两个动作

在某一时间点之后

引导词 after

The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by
大灰狼串过门之后。兔子吃了根胡萝卜

从之前某一时间点开始算

引导词 since
这里是从某时间点算起的时间段，往往暗示了对之后有影响
这样的情况下，一般要使用完成状态

直到之后某一时间点

引导词 until
从某一时间点算起，直到之后的某一时间点

一…就…

引导词 as soon as
一个动作紧跟着另一个动作发生
The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves
大灰狼一离开兔子就要吃一根胡萝卜

下次…

引导词 the next time
The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by
下次大灰狼来串门，兔子会一起分享最大的胡萝卜

地点副词从句

The rabbit ate the carrot [where he found it]
兔子在找到胡萝卜的地方吃了它

The rabbit ate the carrot [where he found it]
副词状语从句

The rabbit ate the carrot at the place [where he found it]
定语从句

比较副词从句

比较副词从句: “更…”

He is smarter than me (口语化)
He is smarter than I am
他比我聪明

This carrot is bigger than that one
This carrot is bigger than that one is
这根胡萝卜比那根大

She is more beautiful than Snow White
She is more beautiful than Snow White is
她比白雪公主还漂亮

than i am
than that one is
than Snow White is
实际上都是副词从句,用比较的方式对前面的主句进行补充说明

比较副词从句: “同样得…:

He is as smart as I am

This carrot is as big as that one is

She is as beautiful as Snow White is

比较副词从句: “越…越…”

the (比较级),the (比较级)

The more you practice English, the more fluent you become
你越多练习英语，你就越流利

The more coins you give me,the more videos I make
你投币越多，我做的视频也越多

条件副词从句

[If the rabbit sees a carrot], he will eat it
单纯的假设，属于真实条件句

虚拟条件句，和事实相反的假设
If I saw a carrot,I would eat it.
If I had seen a carrot,I would have eaten it
使用了动词虚拟语气的条件副词从句

主将从现
主句用将来时态而从句用现在时态

到底为什么”主将从现”?
一般现在时态
这个时态的重点往往不是”现在”这个时间,而是”一般”这个状态
一般 简单的默认的普通的状态

Rabbit eat carrots
The sun rises in the east
习惯/客观事实 不等于 现在
和现在没有啥关系

我不确定一定看到胡萝卜，所以条件句只能去掉将来will，表达一般 默认 普通的状态
如果这个假设的条件成立，那我一定会明确的做吃胡萝卜这个动作

中文
如果我将会看见一根胡萝卜，我会吃它
如果我看见一根胡萝卜，我会吃它

条件句总是比主句落后一个时间段
这也可以应用于虚拟语气

虚拟语气的saw不是表达时间，不是说我明确在过去看见…
而是表达与现实相反的条件

unless
也可以引导条件副词从句，就是把if反着说

[If you like this video],you will give it a thumbs-up
如果你喜欢这个视频，你会给它点赞
[If you don’t like this video],you will not give it a thumbs-up
如果你不喜欢这个视频，你不会给它点赞
[Unless you like this video,you will not give it a thumbs-up]
除非你喜欢这个视频，不然你不会给它点赞

其他引导词
provided，as long as，in case

让步副词从句

即使/就算…也.
Even if I see a carrot,i will not eat it.

这个but是连词，咱们这个是从句，复杂句，你加个连词那不是复合句了吗

这个句子就分不清是复杂句还是复合句

no matter 不管如何

no matter 可以用 regardless of取代
Regardless of what kind of video I make, you will give it a thumbs-up
不管我做什么样的视频，你都会给我点赞

方式副词从句

方式副词从句
I feel good as if I just ate a carrot
我感觉良好，就[好像]我刚吃了根胡萝卜一样
与事实相反的假设
I feel good 直接交代了情况，然后交代了一个与事实相反的假设

条件副词从句
虚拟语气
If I had eaten a carrot, I would have felt good
如果我刚才吃了根胡萝卜的话，我现在就会感觉良好
假设的条件并非事实，i feel good 也不是确认的情况

You spend so much money as if you were a millionaire.
你花了很多钱就好像你是百万富豪

If you were a millionaire,you would spend a lot of money.
如果你是一个百万富豪，你会花很多钱

正在发生的某种方式

表达意思可以使用不同的从句，只不过有些听上去更常用，更自然，更简洁

原因副词从句，目的副词从句，结果副词从句

A 导致 B

The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry
because he was hungry 原因副词从句

Because the rabbit was hungry, so he ate the carrot
这个so是连词
because引导从句，所以从句前什么也不用加，构成了一个复杂句
so是用来构成一个复合句的连词

Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot
既然你饿了，你可以吃这胡萝卜
since介绍某个原因
不是时间时间副词从句那个，从某个时间点开始的意思

as
As you were not here,we ate the carrot without you
因为你之前不在这儿，所以吃胡萝卜没带你一个
这里的as和方方式语从句中的 Eat the carrot as i do中的那个 “像..一样”有区别
这里也是表原因

because > since > as
because有实实在在的因果关系
since是总所周知
as显而易见的事实

[You must really like me], for [you have given all my videos a thumbs-up.]
推测                             推测的原因

你肯定很喜欢我英语兔，因为你给我所有视频都点赞啦
推测的结果你喜欢我，推测的原因，你给所有视频都点赞了
for构成复合句

[Because you like me], [you have given all my videos a thumbs-up]
原因                                 结果

目的副词从句

因为要达到目的A(从句),所以做了B(主句)
之所以做[主句]是因为要达到目的[从句]
In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an all-nighter
为了及时完成视频，我熬夜不睡(肝视频)

基本等于
I pulled an all-nighter so that I could finish the video in time

结果副词从句

I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that I wasn’t hungry at all in the afternoon

The temperature was low so that the lake froze
气温很低，所以湖结冰
用结果来解释，不能是目的就是让湖结冰

I like this video,so I’ll give it a thumbs-up
so 因此是，结果是
so连接了两个并列句，构成复合句

so that引导副词从句，解释说明主句的情况，是主句动作产生的结果

原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/supermao12/p/16912005.html